STKE: Sustained Signaling

Dynamin 2–dependent endocytosis is required for sustained S1PR1 signaling

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1PR1) is critical for lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. Lymphocytes encounter low S1P concentrations near exit sites before transmigration, yet S1PR1 signaling is rapidly terminated after exposure to S1P. How lymphocytes maintain S1PR1 signaling in a low S1P environment near egress sites is unknown. Here we identify dynamin 2, an essential compon...

Sustained Bmp signaling is essential for cloaca development in zebrafish.

Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling has long been known to be important for the early development of the ventral mesoderm, including blood, vasculature and kidney cells. Although Bmp genes are continually expressed in the ventral cells throughout gastrulation and somitogenesis, previous studies in zebrafish have not addressed how the role of Bmp signaling changes over time to regulate ve...

Understanding the Mechanisms of Sustained Signaling and T Cell Activation

A Dynamic View of T Cell Behavior. For many years it has been known that T lymphocytes engage APCs in a long-lasting interaction that results in the generation of a rapid and sustained signal in T cells. Lasting almost 1 h, this sustained signal is required by T cells to maintain the transcription factors translocated in the nucleus and, ultimately, to become activated (1). However, in view of ...

Signaling Characterize Thymocyte Stable Interactions and Sustained TCR

Pulsatile and Sustained Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Signaling

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acts via G-protein-coupled receptors on gonadotrophs to stimulate synthesis and secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. It is secreted in pulses, and its effects depend on pulse frequency, but decoding mechanisms are unknown. Here we have used an extracellular signal regulated kinase-green fluorescent protein (ERK2-GFP) reporter t...